Correction polarization compensation optic for display systems

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure related generally to techniques for improving the performance and efficiency of display systems, such as laser scan beam display systems or other types of display systems (e.g., micro-displays). Display systems of the present disclosure may include a polarization compensation optic, such as a spatially varying polarizer, that provides phase retardation that varies as a function of position, which provides polarization compensation to provide light that is well suited for a polarization sensitive optic of the display system, such as a waveguide-based optical system, a pancake optical system, a birdbath optical system, a coating-based optical system, etc. The display systems of the present disclosure may be components of head-mounted display systems, or other types of display systems.

BACKGROUND Technical Field

The present disclosure generally relates to display systems, and moreparticularly, to improving the efficiency and performance of displaysystems.

Description of the Related Art

One current generation of virtual reality (“VR”) experiences is createdusing head-mounted displays (“HMDs”), which can be tethered to astationary computer (such as a personal computer (“PC”), laptop, or gameconsole), combined and/or integrated with a smart phone and/or itsassociated display, or self-contained. Generally, HMDs are displaydevices, worn on the head of a user, which have a small display devicein front of one (monocular HMD) or each eye (binocular HMD). The displayunits are typically miniaturized and may include CRT, LCD, Liquidcrystal on silicon (LCoS), OLED technologies, or laser scan beamdisplays, for example. A binocular HMD has the potential to display adifferent image to each eye. This capability is used to displaystereoscopic images.

Demand for displays with heightened performance has increased with thedevelopment of smart phones, high-definition televisions, as well asother electronic devices. The growing popularity of virtual reality andaugmented reality systems, particularly those using HMDs, has furtherincreased such demand. Virtual reality systems typically envelop awearer's eyes completely and substitute a “virtual” reality for theactual or physical view (or actual reality) in front of the wearer,while augmented reality systems typically provide a semi-transparent ortransparent overlay of one or more screens in front of a wearer's eyessuch that actual view is augmented with additional information, andmediated reality systems may similarly present information to a viewerthat combines real-world elements with virtual elements.

BRIEF SUMMARY

A display system may be summarized as including: a display light source;and a pupil relay system positioned to relay a first pupil from thedisplay light source to a second pupil at an eye of a viewer, the pupilrelay system including: a polarization sensitive optic; and a spatiallyvarying polarizer having a polarization that spatially varies as afunction of position to provide polarization compensation for thepolarization sensitive optic.

The spatially varying polarizer may include a multi-twist retarder. Thespatially varying polarizer may provide no retardation at a firstposition and may provide quarter-wavelength retardation at a secondposition. The retardation of the spatially varying polarizer may vary asa function of a horizontal dimension or a vertical dimension. Theretardation of the spatially varying polarizer may vary across a fieldof view of the display system. The polarization sensitive optic mayinclude a waveguide-based optical system, a pancake optical system, abirdbath optical system, or a coating-based optical system. The displaylight source may include a laser light source, and the display systemmay further include a scan mirror positioned to receive a light beamfrom the laser light source and to relay the received light toward thepupil relay system.

The display may further include a beam-forming optic positioned betweenthe laser light source and the scan mirror.

At least a portion of the spatially varying polarizer may be positionedon, adjacent to, or in the polarization sensitive optic. Thepolarization sensitive optic may include a waveguide, and the spatiallyvarying polarizer may be positioned on the waveguide, inside thewaveguide, or proximate a port of the waveguide. The display system maybe a display system of a head-mounted display system.

The display system may further include control circuitry operativelycoupled to the spatially varying polarizer, the control circuitryoperative to selectively adjust the retardation provided by thespatially varying polarizer.

The display source may include a micro-display, and the spatiallyvarying polarizer may be positioned adjacent the micro-display. Thespatially varying polarizer may be adhered to the micro-display. Thespatially varying polarizer may provide telecentricity to light emittedby the micro-display. The spatially varying polarizer may include asurface phase map that provides polarization compensation for at leastone of the display source and the polarization sensitive optic.

A head-mounted display system may be summarized as including: a supportstructure; and a display system coupled to the support structure, thedisplay system comprising: a display light source; and a pupil relaysystem positioned to relay a first pupil from the display light sourceto a second pupil at an eye of a viewer, the pupil relay systemcomprising: a polarization sensitive optic; and a spatially varyingpolarizer having a polarization that spatially varies as a function ofposition to provide polarization compensation for the polarizationsensitive optic.

The spatially varying polarizer may include a multi-twist retarder. Theretardation of the spatially varying polarizer may vary as a function ofa horizontal dimension, a vertical dimension, or a field of view of thedisplay system. The polarization sensitive optic may include awaveguide-based optical system, a pancake optical system, a birdbathoptical system, or a coating-based optical system.

A head-mounted display system may be summarized as including: a supportstructure; and a display system coupled to the support structure, thedisplay system comprising: a laser light source; a scan mirrorpositioned to receive a light beam from the laser light source; and apupil relay system positioned to relay a first pupil received from thescan mirror to a second pupil at an eye of a viewer, the pupil relaysystem comprising: a polarization sensitive optic; and a spatiallyvarying polarizer having a polarization that spatially varies as afunction of position to provide polarization compensation for thepolarization sensitive optic.

The spatially varying polarizer may include a multi-twist retarder. Theretardation of the spatially varying polarizer may vary as a function ofa horizontal dimension, a vertical dimension, or a field of view of thedisplay system. The polarization sensitive optic may include awaveguide-based optical system, a pancake optical system, a birdbathoptical system, or a coating-based optical system.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

In the drawings, identical reference numbers identify similar elementsor acts. The sizes and relative positions of elements in the drawingsare not necessarily drawn to scale. For example, the shapes of variouselements and angles are not necessarily drawn to scale, and some ofthese elements may be arbitrarily enlarged and positioned to improvedrawing legibility. Further, the particular shapes of the elements asdrawn, are not necessarily intended to convey any information regardingthe actual shape of the particular elements, and may have been solelyselected for ease of recognition in the drawings.

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a networked environment that includesone or more systems suitable for performing at least some techniquesdescribed in the present disclosure.

FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating an example environment in which atleast some of the described techniques are used with an examplehead-mounted display device that is tethered to a video renderingcomputing system and providing a virtual reality display to a user.

FIG. 3 is a front pictorial diagram of an example HMD device havingbinocular display subsystems.

FIG. 4 illustrates a top plan view of an HMD device having binoculardisplay subsystems and various sensors, according to an exampleembodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 5 is a schematic block diagram of a display system that includes aspatially varying polarizer, according to one non-limiting illustratedimplementation.

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a scan beam display system, accordingto one non-limiting illustrated implementation.

FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a scan beam display system thatincludes a spatially varying polarizer, according to one non-limitingillustrated implementation.

FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of a display system that includes awaveguide-based optical system and a spatially varying polarizer,according to one non-limiting illustrated implementation.

FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of an HMD device that includes acompensation optic positioned adjacent a display panel, which providesat least one of polarization correction and telecentricity, according toone non-limiting illustrated implementation.

FIG. 10 is an example surface phase map for the compensation optic ofFIG. 9, according to one non-limiting illustrated implementation.

FIG. 11 is another example surface phase map for the compensation opticof FIG. 9, according to one non-limiting illustrated implementation.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description, certain specific details are set forth inorder to provide a thorough understanding of various disclosedimplementations. However, one skilled in the relevant art will recognizethat implementations may be practiced without one or more of thesespecific details, or with other methods, components, materials, etc. Inother instances, well-known structures associated with computer systems,server computers, and/or communications networks have not been shown ordescribed in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring descriptions of theimplementations.

Unless the context requires otherwise, throughout the specification andclaims that follow, the word “comprising” is synonymous with“including,” and is inclusive or open-ended (i.e., does not excludeadditional, unrecited elements or method acts).

Reference throughout this specification to “one implementation” or “animplementation” means that a particular feature, structure orcharacteristic described in connection with the implementation isincluded in at least one implementation. Thus, the appearances of thephrases “in one implementation” or “in an implementation” in variousplaces throughout this specification are not necessarily all referringto the same implementation. Furthermore, the particular features,structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner inone or more implementations.

As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singularforms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the contextclearly dictates otherwise. It should also be noted that the term “or”is generally employed in its sense including “and/or” unless the contextclearly dictates otherwise.

The headings and Abstract of the Disclosure provided herein are forconvenience only and do not interpret the scope or meaning of theimplementations.

The present disclosure related generally to techniques for improving theperformance and efficiency of display systems, such as laser scan beamdisplay systems or other types of display systems (e.g.,micro-displays). As discussed further below, at least some embodimentsof the present disclosure improve the performance of display systems byproviding a spatially varying polarizer that provides phase retardationthat varies as a function of position, which provides polarizationcompensation and produces light that is well suited for polarizationsensitive optics of the display system, such as a waveguide-basedoptical system, a pancake optical system, a birdbath optical system, acoating-based optical system, etc. Such techniques significantly improvethe intensity of the light that passes through the polarizationsensitive optics while also reducing undesirable stray light.

Initially, an example head-mounted display device application for thetechniques described herein is discussed with reference to FIGS. 1-4.Then, with reference to FIGS. 5-8, example implementations of displaysystems that include polarization compensation optics are discussed.

Example Head-Mounted Display System and Environment

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a networked environment 100 thatincludes a local media rendering (LMR) system 110 (e.g., a gamingsystem), which includes a local computing system 120 and display device180 (e.g., an HMD device with two display panels) suitable forperforming at least some techniques described herein. In the depictedembodiment of FIG. 1, the local computing system 120 is communicativelyconnected to display device 180 via transmission link 115 (which may bewired or tethered, such as via one or more cables as illustrated in FIG.2 (cable 220), or instead may be wireless). In other embodiments, thelocal computing system 120 may provide encoded image data for display toa panel display device (e.g., a TV, console or monitor) via a wired orwireless link, whether in addition to or instead of the HMD device 180,and the display devices each includes one or more addressable pixelarrays. In various embodiments, the local computing system 120 mayinclude a general purpose computing system; a gaming console; a videostream processing device; a mobile computing device (e.g., a cellulartelephone, PDA, or other mobile device); a VR or AR processing device;or other computing system.

In the illustrated embodiment, the local computing system 120 hascomponents that include one or more hardware processors (e.g.,centralized processing units, or “CPUs”) 125, memory 130, various I/O(“input/output”) hardware components 127 (e.g., a keyboard, a mouse, oneor more gaming controllers, speakers, microphone, IR transmitter and/orreceiver, etc.), a video subsystem 140 that includes one or morespecialized hardware processors (e.g., graphics processing units, or“GPUs”) 144 and video memory (VRAM) 148, computer-readable storage 150,and a network connection 160. Also in the illustrated embodiment, anembodiment of an eye tracking subsystem 135 executes in memory 130 inorder to perform at least some of the described techniques, such as byusing the CPU(s) 125 and/or GPU(s) 144 to perform automated operationsthat implement those described techniques, and the memory 130 mayoptionally further execute one or more other programs 133 (e.g., togenerate video or other images to be displayed, such as a game program).As part of the automated operations to implement at least sometechniques described herein, the eye tracking subsystem 135 and/orprograms 133 executing in memory 130 may store or retrieve various typesof data, including in the example database data structures of storage150, in this example, the data used may include various types of imagedata information in database (“DB”) 154, various types of applicationdata in DB 152, various types of configuration data in DB 157, and mayinclude additional information, such as system data or otherinformation.

The LMR system 110 is also, in the depicted embodiment, communicativelyconnected via one or more computer networks 101 and network links 102 toan exemplary network-accessible media content provider 190 that mayfurther provide content to the LMR system 110 for display, whether inaddition to or instead of the image-generating programs 133. The mediacontent provider 190 may include one or more computing systems (notshown) that may each have components similar to those of local computingsystem 120, including one or more hardware processors, I/O components,local storage devices and memory, although some details are notillustrated for the network-accessible media content provider for thesake of brevity.

It will be appreciated that, while the display device 180 is depicted asbeing distinct and separate from the local computing system 120 in theillustrated embodiment of FIG. 1, in certain embodiments some or allcomponents of the local media rendering system 110 may be integrated orhoused within a single device, such as a mobile gaming device, portableVR entertainment system, HMD device, etc. In such embodiments,transmission link 115 may, for example, include one or more system busesand/or video bus architectures.

As one example involving operations performed locally by the local mediarendering system 120, assume that the local computing system is a gamingcomputing system, such that application data 152 includes one or moregaming applications executed via CPU 125 using memory 130, and thatvarious video frame display data is generated and/or processed by theimage-generating programs 133, such as in conjunction with GPU 144 ofthe video subsystem 140. In order to provide a quality gamingexperience, a high volume of video frame data (corresponding to highimage resolution for each video frame, as well as a high “frame rate” ofapproximately 60-180 of such video frames per second) is generated bythe local computing system 120 and provided via the wired or wirelesstransmission link 115 to the display device 180.

It will also be appreciated that computing system 120 and display device180 are merely illustrative and are not intended to limit the scope ofthe present disclosure. The computing system 120 may instead includemultiple interacting computing systems or devices, and may be connectedto other devices that are not illustrated, including through one or morenetworks such as the Internet, via the Web, or via private networks(e.g., mobile communication networks, etc.). More generally, a computingsystem or other computing node may include any combination of hardwareor software that may interact and perform the described types offunctionality, including, without limitation, desktop or othercomputers, game systems, database servers, network storage devices andother network devices, PDAs, cell phones, wireless phones, pagers,electronic organizers, Internet appliances, television-based systems(e.g., using set-top boxes and/or personal/digital video recorders), andvarious other consumer products that include appropriate communicationcapabilities. The display device 180 may similarly include one or moredevices with one or more display panels of various types and forms, andoptionally include various other hardware and/or software components.

It will also be appreciated that, while various items are illustrated asbeing stored in memory or on storage while being used, these items orportions of them may be transferred between memory and other storagedevices for purposes of memory management or data integrity. Thus, insome embodiments, some or all of the described techniques may beperformed by hardware that include one or more processors or otherconfigured hardware circuitry or memory or storage, such as whenconfigured by one or more software programs and/or data structures(e.g., by execution of software instructions of the one or more softwareprograms and/or by storage of such software instructions and/or datastructures). Some or all of the components, systems and data structuresmay also be stored (e.g., as software instructions or structured data)on a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium, such as a harddisk or flash drive or other non-volatile storage device, volatile ornon-volatile memory (e.g., RAM), a network storage device, or a portablemedia article to be read by an appropriate drive (e.g., a DVD disk, a CDdisk, an optical disk, etc.) or via an appropriate connection. Thesystems, components and data structures may also in some embodiments betransmitted as generated data signals (e.g., as part of a carrier waveor other analog or digital propagated signal) on a variety ofcomputer-readable transmission mediums, including wireless-based andwired/cable-based mediums, and may take a variety of forms (e.g., aspart of a single or multiplexed analog signal, or as multiple discretedigital packets or frames). Such computer program products may also takeother forms in other embodiments. Accordingly, the present invention maybe practiced with other computer system configurations.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example environment 200 in which at least some ofthe described techniques are used with an example HMD device 202 that iscoupled to a video rendering computing system 204 via a tetheredconnection 220 (or a wireless connection in other embodiments) toprovide a virtual reality display to a human user 206. The user wearsthe HMD device 202 and receives displayed information via the HMD devicefrom the computing system 204 of a simulated environment different fromthe actual physical environment, with the computing system acting as animage rendering system that supplies images of the simulated environmentto the HMD device for display to the user, such as images generated by agame program and/or other software program executing on the computingsystem. The user is further able to move around within a tracked volume201 of the actual physical environment 200 in this example, and mayfurther have one or more I/O (“input/output”) devices to allow the userto further interact with the simulated environment, which in thisexample includes hand-held controllers 208 and 210.

In the illustrated example, the environment 200 may include one or morebase stations 214 (two shown, labeled base stations 214 a and 214 b)that may facilitate tracking of the HMD device 202 or the controllers208 and 210. As the user moves location or changes orientation of theHMD device 202, the position of the HMD device is tracked, such as toallow a corresponding portion of the simulated environment to bedisplayed to the user on the HMD device, and the controllers 208 and 210may further employ similar techniques to use in tracking the positionsof the controllers (and to optionally use that information to assist indetermining or verifying the position of the HMD device). After thetracked position of the HMD device 202 is known, correspondinginformation is transmitted to the computing system 204 via the tether220 or wirelessly, which uses the tracked position information togenerate one or more next images of the simulated environment to displayto the user.

There are numerous different methods of positional tracking that may beused in the various implementations of the present disclosure,including, but not limited to, acoustic tracking, inertial tracking,magnetic tracking, optical tracking, combinations thereof, etc.

In at least some implementations, the HMD device 202 may include one ormore optical receivers or sensors that may be used to implement trackingfunctionality or other aspects of the present disclosure. For example,the base stations 214 may each sweep an optical signal across thetracked volume 201. Depending on the requirements of each particularimplementation, each base station 214 may generate more than one opticalsignal. For example, while a single base station 214 is typicallysufficient for six-degree-of-freedom tracking, multiple base stations(e.g., base stations 214 a, 214 b) may be necessary or desired in someembodiments to provide robust room-scale tracking for HMD devices andperipherals. In this example, optical receivers are incorporated intothe HMD device 202 and or other tracked objects, such as the controllers208 and 210. In at least some implementations, optical receivers may bepaired with an accelerometer and gyroscope Inertial Measurement Unit(“IMU”) on each tracked device to support low-latency sensor fusion.

In at least some implementations, each base station 214 includes tworotors which sweep a linear beam across the tracked volume 201 onorthogonal axes. At the start of each sweep cycle, the base station 214may emit an omni-directional light pulse (referred to as a “syncsignal”) that is visible to all sensors on the tracked objects. Thus,each sensor computes a unique angular location in the swept volume bytiming the duration between the sync signal and the beam signal. Sensordistance and orientation may be solved using multiple sensors affixed toa single rigid body.

The one or more sensors positioned on the tracked objects (e.g., HMDdevice 202, controllers 208 and 210) may comprise an optoelectronicdevice capable of detecting the modulated light from the rotor. Forvisible or near-infrared (NIR) light, silicon photodiodes and suitableamplifier/detector circuitry may be used. Because the environment 200may contain static and time-varying signals (optical noise) with similarwavelengths to the signals of the base stations 214 signals, in at leastsome implementations the base station light may be modulated in such away as to make it easy to differentiate from any interfering signals,and/or to filter the sensor from any wavelength of radiation other thanthat of base station signals.

Inside-out tracking is also a type positional tracking that may be usedto track the position of the HMD device 202 and/or other objects (e.g.,controllers 208 and 210, tablet computers, smartphones). Inside-outtracking differs from outside-in tracking by the location of the camerasor other sensors used to determine the HMD's position. For inside-outtracking, the camera or sensors are located on the HMD, or object beingtracked, while in outside-out tracking the camera or sensors are placedin a stationary location in the environment.

An HMD that utilizes inside-out tracking utilizes one or more cameras to“look out” to determine how its position changes in relation to theenvironment. When the HMD moves, the sensors readjust their place in theroom and the virtual environment responds accordingly in real-time. Thistype of positional tracking can be achieved with or without markersplaced in the environment. The cameras that are placed on the HMDobserve features of the surrounding environment. When using markers, themarkers are designed to be easily detected by the tracking system andplaced in a specific area. With “markerless” inside-out tracking, theHMD system uses distinctive characteristics (e.g., natural features)that originally exist in the environment to determine position andorientation. The HMD system's algorithms identify specific images orshapes and use them to calculate the device's position in space. Datafrom accelerometers and gyroscopes can also be used to increase theprecision of positional tracking.

FIG. 3 shows information 300 illustrating a front view of an example HMDdevice 344 when worn on the head of a user 342. The HMD device 344includes a front-facing structure 343 that supports a front-facing orforward camera 346 and a plurality of sensors 348 a-348 d (collectively348) of one or more types. As one example, some or all of the sensors348 may assist in determining the location and orientation of the device344 in space, such as light sensors to detect and use light informationemitted from one or more external devices (not shown, e.g., basestations 214 of FIG. 2). As shown, the forward camera 346 and thesensors 348 are directed forward toward an actual scene or environment(not shown) in which the user 342 operates the HMD device 344. Theactual physical environment may include, for example, one or moreobjects (e.g., walls, ceilings, furniture, stairs, cars, trees, trackingmarkers, or any other types of objects). The particular number ofsensors 348 may be fewer or more than the number of sensors depicted.The HMD device 344 may further include one or more additional componentsthat are not attached to the front-facing structure (e.g., are internalto the HMD device), such as an IMU (inertial measurement unit) 347electronic device that measures and reports the HMD device's 344specific force, angular rate, and/or the magnetic field surrounding theHMD device (e.g., using a combination of accelerometers and gyroscopes,and optionally, magnetometers). The HMD device may further includeadditional components that are not shown, including one or more displaypanels and optical lens systems that are oriented toward eyes (notshown) of the user and that optionally have one or more attachedinternal motors to change the alignment or other positioning of one ormore of the optical lens systems and/or display panels within the HMDdevice, as discussed in greater detail below with respect to FIG. 4.

The illustrated example of the HMD device 344 is supported on the headof user 342 based at least in part on one or more straps 345 that areattached to the housing of the HMD device 344 and that extend wholly orpartially around the user's head. While not illustrated here, the HMDdevice 344 may further have one or more external motors, such asattached to one or more of the straps 345, and automated correctiveactions may include using such motors to adjust such straps in order tomodify the alignment or other positioning of the HMD device on the headof the user. It will be appreciated that HMD devices may include othersupport structures that are not illustrated here (e.g., a nose piece,chin strap, etc.), whether in addition to or instead of the illustratedstraps, and that some embodiments may include motors attached one ormore such other support structures to similarly adjust their shapeand/or locations to modify the alignment or other positioning of the HMDdevice on the head of the user. Other display devices that are notaffixed to the head of a user may similarly be attached to or part ofone or structures that affect the positioning of the display device, andmay include motors or other mechanical actuators in at least someembodiments to similarly modify their shape and/or locations to modifythe alignment or other positioning of the display device relative to oneor more pupils of one or more users of the display device.

FIG. 4 illustrates a simplified top plan view 400 of an HMD device 405that includes a pair of near-to-eye display systems 402 and 404. The HMDdevice 405 may, for example, be the same or similar HMD devicesillustrated in FIGS. 1-3 or a different HMD device, and the HMD devicesdiscussed herein may further be used in the examples discussed furtherbelow. The near-to-eye display systems 402 and 404 of FIG. 4 includedisplay panels 406 and 408, respectively (e.g., OLED micro-displays),and respective optical lens systems 410 and 412 that each have one ormore optical lenses. The display systems 402 and 404 may be mounted toor otherwise positioned within a housing (or frame) 414, which includesa front-facing portion 416 (e.g., the same or similar to thefront-facing surface 343 of FIG. 3), a left temple 418, right temple 420and interior surface 421 that touches or is proximate to a face of awearer user 424 when the HMD device is worn by the user. The two displaysystems 402 and 404 may be secured to the housing 414 in an eye glassesarrangement which can be worn on the head 422 of a wearer user 424, withthe left temple 418 and right temple 420 resting over the user's ears426 and 428, respectively, while a nose assembly 492 may rest over theuser's nose 430. In the example of FIG. 4, the HMD device 405 may besupported on the head of the user in part or in whole by the nosedisplay and/or the right and left over-ear temples, although straps (notshown) or other structures may be used in some embodiments to secure theHMD device to the head of the user, such as the embodiments shown inFIGS. 2 and 3. The housing 414 may be shaped and sized to position eachof the two optical lens systems 410 and 412 in front of one of theuser's eyes 432 and 434, respectively, such that a target location ofeach pupil 494 is centered vertically and horizontally in front of therespective optical lens systems and/or display panels. Although thehousing 414 is shown in a simplified manner similar to eyeglasses forexplanatory purposes, it should be appreciated that in practice moresophisticated structures (e.g., goggles, integrated headband, helmet,straps, etc.) may be used to support and position the display systems402 and 404 on the head 422 of user 424.

The HMD device 405 of FIG. 4, and the other HMD devices discussedherein, is capable of presenting a virtual reality display to the user,such as via corresponding video presented at a display rate such as 30or 60 or 90 frames (or images) per second, while other embodiments of asimilar system may present an augmented reality display to the user.Each of the displays 406 and 408 of FIG. 4 may generate light which istransmitted through and focused by the respective optical lens systems410 and 412 onto the eyes 432 and 434, respectively, of the user 424.The pupil 494 aperture of each eye, through which light passes into theeye, will typically have a pupil size ranging from 2 mm (millimeters) indiameter in very bright conditions to as much as 8 mm in darkconditions, while the larger iris in which the pupil is contained mayhave a size of approximately 12 mm—the pupil (and enclosing iris) mayfurther typically move within the visible portion of the eye under openeyelids by several millimeters in the horizontal and/or verticaldirections, which will also move the pupil to different depths from theoptical lens or other physical elements of the display for differenthorizontal and vertical positions as the eyeball swivels around itscenter (resulting in a three dimensional volume in which the pupil canmove). The light entering the user's pupils is seen by the user 424 asimages and/or video. In some implementations, the distance between eachof the optical lens systems 410 and 412 and the user's eyes 432 and 434may be relatively short (e.g., less than 30 mm, less than 20 mm), whichadvantageously causes the HMD device to appear lighter to the user sincethe weight of the optical lens systems and the display systems arerelatively close to the user's face, and also may provide the user witha greater field of view. While not illustrated here, some embodiments ofsuch an HMD device may include various additional internal and/orexternal sensors.

In the illustrated embodiment, the HMD device 405 of FIG. 4 furtherincludes hardware sensors and additional components, such as to includeone or more accelerometers and/or gyroscopes 490 (e.g., as part of oneor more IMU units). As discussed in greater detail elsewhere herein,values from the accelerometer(s) and/or gyroscopes may be used tolocally determine an orientation of the HMD device. In addition, the HMDdevice 405 may include one or more front-facing cameras, such ascamera(s) 485 on the exterior of the front portion 416, and whoseinformation may be used as part of operations of the HMD device, such asfor providing AR functionality or positioning functionality.Furthermore, the HMD device 405 may further include other components 475(e.g., electronic circuits to control display of images on the displaypanels 406 and 408, internal storage, one or more batteries, positiontracking devices to interact with external base stations, etc.), asdiscussed in greater detail elsewhere herein. Other embodiments may notinclude one or more of the components 475, 485 and/or 490. While notillustrated here, some embodiments of such an HMD device may includevarious additional internal and/or external sensors, such as to trackvarious other types of movements and position of the user's body, eyes,controllers, etc.

In the illustrated embodiment, the HMD device 405 of FIG. 4 furtherincludes hardware sensors and additional components that may be used bydisclosed embodiments as part of the described techniques fordetermining user pupil or gaze direction, which may be provided to oneor more components associated with the HMD device for use thereby, asdiscussed elsewhere herein. The hardware sensors in this example includeone or more eye tracking assemblies 472 of an eye tracking subsystemthat are mounted on or near the display panels 406 and 408 and/orlocated on the interior surface 421 near the optical lens systems 410and 412 for use in acquiring information regarding the actual locationsof the user's pupils 494, such as separately for each pupil in thisexample.

Each of the eye tracking assemblies 472 may include one or more lightsources (e.g., IR LEDs) and one or more light detectors (e.g., siliconphotodiodes). Further, although only four total eye tracking assemblies472 are shown in FIG. 4 for clarity, it should be appreciated that inpractice a different number of eye tracking assemblies may be provided.In some embodiments, a total of eight eye tracking assemblies 472 areprovided, four eye tracking assemblies for each eye of the user 424.Further, in at least some implementations, each eye tracking assemblyincludes a light source directed at one of the user's 424 eyes 432 and434, a light detector positioned to receive light reflected by therespective eye of the user, and a polarizer positioned and configured toprevent light that is reflected via specular reflection from beingimparted on the light detector.

As discussed in greater detail elsewhere herein, information from theeye tracking assemblies 472 may be used to determine and track theuser's gaze direction during use of the HMD device 405. Furthermore, inat least some embodiments, the HMD device 405 may include one or moreinternal motors 438 (or other movement mechanisms) that may be used tomove 439 the alignment and/or other positioning (e.g., in the vertical,horizontal left-and-right and/or horizontal front-and-back directions)of one or more of the optical lens systems 410 and 412 and/or displaypanels 406 and 408 within the housing of the HMD device 405, such as topersonalize or otherwise adjust the target pupil location of one or bothof the near-to-eye display systems 402 and 404 to correspond to theactual locations of one or both of the pupils 494. Such motors 438 maybe controlled by, for example, user manipulation of one or more controls437 on the housing 414 and/or via user manipulation of one or moreassociated separate I/O controllers (not shown). In other embodimentsthe HMD device 405 may control the alignment and/or other positioning ofthe optical lens systems 410 and 412 and/or display panels 406 and 408without such motors 438, such as by use of adjustable positioningmechanisms (e.g., screws, sliders, ratchets, etc.) that are manuallychanged by the user via use of the controls 437. In addition, while themotors 438 are illustrated in FIG. 4 for only one of the near-to-eyedisplay systems, each near-to-eye display system may have its own one ormore motors in some embodiments, and in some embodiments one or moremotors may be used to control (e.g., independently) each of multiplenear-to-eye display systems.

While the described techniques may be used in some embodiments with adisplay system similar to that illustrated, in other embodiments othertypes of display systems may be used, including with a single opticallens and display device, or with multiple such optical lenses anddisplay devices. Non-exclusive examples of other such devices includecameras, telescopes, microscopes, binoculars, spotting scopes, surveyingscopes, etc. In addition, the described techniques may be used with awide variety of display panels or other display devices that emit lightto form images, which one or more users view through one or more opticallens, as discussed elsewhere herein. In other embodiments, the user mayview one or more images through one or more optical lens that areproduced in manners other than via a display panel, such as on a surfacethat reflects light from another light source (e.g. laser scan beam) inpart or in whole.

Example Display Systems

FIG. 5 is a schematic block diagram of a display system 500 according toone non-limiting illustrated implementation. The display system may 500may be a display system of a head-mounted display system, such as thehead-mounted display systems discussed above, or any other type ofdisplay system (e.g., wearable or non-wearable display system). Thedisplay system 500 may include a scan beam display system or anothertype of display system (e.g., micro-display). In at least someimplementations, the display system 500 may be one of two substantiallyidentical display systems provided in a device, such as a head-mounteddisplay device.

The display system 500 includes a display light source 502 that isoptically coupled to a pupil relay system 504. The display light source502 may include a laser scan beam light source, a micro-display, or anyother suitable display light source. The pupil relay system 504 ispositioned to relay a first pupil from the display light source 502 to asecond pupil at an eye 506 of a viewer (or other image plane, surface,or material). The pupil relay system 504 includes a polarizationsensitive optic 508 (e.g., a post-scan optic), which may include one ormore of a waveguide-based optical system, a pancake optical system, abirdbath optical system, a coating-based optical system, or otheroptics. The polarization sensitive optic 508 may include one morecomponents. The efficiency of the polarization sensitive optic 508 maybe very sensitive to the polarization of light that passes therethrough.That is, different polarizations will significantly change the intensityand stray light that makes it out of the polarization sensitive optic508.

To optimize the polarization of light that is provided to thepolarization sensitive optic 508, the pupil relay system 504 of thedisplay system 500 further includes a spatially varying polarizer 510having a polarization that spatially varies as a function of position,which functions to compensation for changes in polarization to provideuniform polarized light or, more generally optimized polarized light, tothe polarization sensitive optic 508. For example, the polarizationsensitive optic 508 may be configured to compensate for or “undo” any ofthe polarization that one or more mirrors or other optics generate fromcompound angles.

The spatially varying polarizer 510 may include a wave retarder that isformed of birefringent materials. Birefringence is the property of amaterial that has a refractive index that depends on the polarizationand propagation direction of light. The wave retarder alters thepolarization state or phase of light traveling through the waveretarder. The wave retarder may have a slow axis (or extraordinary axis)and a fast axis (ordinary axis). As polarized light travels through thewave retarder, the light along the fast axis travels more quickly thanalong the slow axis.

As discussed above, the spatially varying polarizer 510 may providephase retardation that varies a function of position, e.g., horizontalposition, vertical position, radial position, across a field of view(e.g., on-axis to off-axis) which allows for more uniform and efficientdistribution of the light from the display light source 502 to thepolarization sensitive optic 508. The particular manner in which theretardation of the spatially varying polarizer 510 varies may bedependent on the specific configuration and materials of the opticalsystem(s) of the display system 500, such as the polarization state ofincident light, incident angle(s), materials, geometry of variouscomponents, etc.

As an example, the spatially varying polarizer 510 may provide noretardation at a first position, and may linearly increase theretardation to provide a retardation of λ/4 (or other value) at a secondposition of the spatially varying polarizer. Generally, the spatiallyvarying polarizer 510 may provide retardation that varies in any way asa function of position, and the amounts of retardation may be any value(e.g., λ/20, λ/10, λ/4, λ, 2 λ). Further, the amount of retardation mayincrease only in one or more directions, decrease only in one or moredirections, or both increase and decrease. The amount of retardation mayvary continuously, or may vary in a number of steps. The amount ofretardation may vary according to any type of function including, forexample, linear functions, polynomial functions, exponential functions,step functions, other types of functions, or combinations thereof.

In at least some implementations, the spatially varying polarizer 510may be formed of a multi-twist retarder (MTR), which is a waveplate-likeretardation film that provides precise and customized levels ofbroadband, narrowband or multiple band retardation in a single thinfilm. More specifically, MTR comprises two or more twisted liquidcrystal (LC) layers on a single substrate and with a single alignmentlayer. Subsequent LC layers are aligned directly by prior layers,allowing simple fabrication, achieving automatic layer registration, andresulting in a monolithic film with a continuously varying optic axis.

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a scan beam display system or projector600, according to one non-limiting illustrated implementation. The scanbeam display system 600 includes a light source 602, which may be alaser light source that emits a beam 604. The light source 602 mayinclude two more light sources, such as a red light source, a greenlight source, and a blue light source. In such instances, the pluralityof light sources may be combined into a single beam by a beam combiner.In at least some implementations, the light source 602 may include oneor more color light sources (e.g., red, green, blue) and a light sourcethat emits an invisible beam, such as an infrared beam or an ultravioletbeam, which may be used for various purposes such as eye tracking.

The beam 604 is incident on a scanning platform 606, which may include amicroelectromechanical system (MEMS) based scanner, and reflects off ofa scan mirror 608 of the platform to generate a controlled output beam610. The scanning platform 606 may include a diffractive opticalgrating, a moving optic grating, a light valve, a rotating mirror, amovable silicon device, a digital light projector device, a flying spotprojector, a liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) device, or other scanningor modulating devices. The scanning platform 606 may be coupled to oneor more drive circuits that are selectively controlled by a controller612 coupled to the scanning platform and the light source 602, which maycomprise any suitable control circuitry having one more components. Thedrive circuitry modulates the direction in which the scanning mirror 608deflects the incident beam 604 to cause the output beam 610 to generatea scan, such as a raster scan, thereby creating a displayed image on animage plane such as a display surface or a viewer's eye 614.

FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a scan beam display system or projector700 according to one non-limiting illustrated implementation. The scanbeam display system 700 may be similar or identical to the scan beamdisplay system 600 of FIG. 6 in many respects. As such, like componentsare referenced with the same numerals and a discussion of suchcomponents is not repeated herein for the sake of brevity.

The scan beam display system 700 includes post-scan correction optics702 (“post-scan optics”) and collimation optics 704. The post-scanoptics 702 may include one or more optics positioned in the light pathafter the scanning platform 606, which may generally be referred toherein as being “post-scan.” The post-scan correction optics 702 may bedesigned and configured to correct or adjust one or more distortionartifacts in the projected image. Examples of such distortion mayinclude smile distortion, pin cushion distortion, barrel distortion,off-axis projection-based distortion, etc. It should be appreciated thatthese are only non-limiting example types of distortion that thepost-scan correction optics 702 may correct.

The post-scan optics 702 may include one or more of a waveguide-basedoptical system, a pancake optical system, a birdbath optical system, acoating-based optical system, etc. The post-scan optics may include onemore components. The efficiency of the post-scan optics 702 may be verysensitive to the polarization of light that passes therethrough. Thatis, different polarizations will significantly change the intensity andstray light that makes it out of the post-scan optics 702. In at leastsome implementations, the display system 700 may also includecollimating or beam forming optics 704 that may be utilized to at leastpartially regain loss of the infinite focus caused by the post-scanoptics 702.

The display system 700 further includes a polarization compensationoptic in the form of a spatially varying polarizer 706 positionedbetween the scan mirror 608 and the post-scan optics 702 to providepolarization compensation for the post-scan optics 702 which, asdiscussed above may be very polarization sensitive. The spatiallyvarying polarizer 706 may be positioned on, adjacent to, or inside thepost-scan optics 702, for example. In other implementations, thespatially varying polarizer 706 is positioned elsewhere in the opticalpath between the light source 602 and the displayed image (e.g.,pre-scan, post-scan, adjacent the light source, etc.).

In at least some implementations, the controller 612 may be operativelycoupled to the spatially varying polarizer 706 to selectively vary thespatially-dependent phase retardation of the spatially varying polarizerto any desired configuration. In such implementations, one or morethin-film transistor layers may be provided that allow thespatially-dependent phase retardation of the spatially varying polarizer706 to be selectively controlled by the controller 612. The controller612 may control the phase retardation at any desired rate, such as onetime only, periodically, at a rate that is equal to a frame rate of thedisplay system 700 or a fraction thereof, etc. As an example, thespatially varying polarizer 706 may comprise a stack of a plurality(e.g., 2, 4 10, 15) of layers, each of which may be independentlyselectively controlled to be in an active or inactive state. Thus, thecontroller 612 may then selectively activate one of the layers, ormultiple layers in combination with each other, to provide the desiredspatially-dependent phase retardation.

FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of a display system 800 that includes awaveguide-based optical system and a polarization compensation optic inthe form of a spatially varying polarizer for use in a head-mounteddisplay system, according to one non-limiting illustratedimplementation. The display system 800 may include a lens or supportstructure 802 (e.g., prescription or non-prescription eye glasses lens).A planar waveguide structure 804 may be at least partially embedded inthe structure 802 or positioned proximate to the structure (e.g., infront of or behind the structure). The waveguide 804 may be arectangular (or other shape) prism structure formed of a material havingan index of refraction that is sufficiently different from that of asurrounding structure (e.g., structure 802) to provide total internalreflection within the waveguide.

To enable light to couple into the waveguide 804, the display system 800includes an in-coupler 806 physically coupled to a first portion of thewaveguide. Similarly, to enable light to couple out of the waveguide 804toward an eye 810 of the viewer, the display system 800 includes anout-coupler 808 physically coupled to a second portion of the waveguide.The display light that in-couples through the in-coupler 806 andout-couples through the out-coupler 808 may originate from a displaylight source, such as a projector, a scanning laser projector, a microdisplay, or other display light source, as discussed above. Asnon-limiting examples, the couplers 806 and 808 may include one or moreof diffraction gratings, holograms, holographic optical elements, volumediffraction gratings, surface relief diffraction gratings, etc. Thecouplers 806 and 808 may also be reflection-type couplers ortransmission-type couplers. As an example, the structure 802 may includea right eye glasses lens, and the in-coupler 806 may be positioned nearthe edge of the eyeglasses lens proximate a display source (e.g.,projector), and the out-coupler may be positioned toward the center ofthe eyeglasses lens so that the viewer can see the light from thewaveguide 804 while looking straight area or approximately straightahead.

The display system 800 further includes a polarization compensationoptic in the form of a spatially varying polarizer 812, various examplesof which are shown in FIG. 8 as spatially varying polarizers 812 a-812e. In the non-limiting illustrated example, illustrative examples 812a-812 e of the spatially varying polarizer 812 are shown as beingpositioned at several non-limiting example locations of the displaysystem 800. In particular, 812 a shows the spatially varying polarizerpositioned adjacent the in-coupler 806 on a side toward the displaysource to provide polarization compensation for light that enters thewaveguide 804 which, as discussed above, may be very polarizationsensitive. The spatially varying polarizer 812 b is shown in FIG. 8 asbeing positioned adjacent the in-coupler 806 on an opposite side thereofcompared to the example spatially varying polarizer 812 a. Similarly,the spatially varying polarizer 812 c is shown positioned adjacent theout-coupler 808 on a side that faces the user's eye 810, and thespatially varying polarizer 812 d is shown positioned adjacent theout-coupler 808 on an opposite side thereof. The spatially varyingpolarizer 812 e is shown positioned inside the waveguide 804 at aposition that is between the in-coupler 806 and the out-coupler 808. Itshould be appreciated that the spatially varying polarizer 812 may bepositioned on, adjacent or proximate to, or inside the waveguide 804,for example. In other implementations, the spatially varying polarizer812 is positioned elsewhere in the optical path between the displaylight source and the eye of the viewer to provide polarizationcompensation.

FIG. 9 depicts a side elevational view of components of an HMD system900, according to one non-limiting illustrated implementation. The HMDsystem 900 includes a display panel 902, such as an OLED, LCD, or othertype of display panel, and an optical lens 904 that provides imageinformation from the display to an eye box 906, within which a user'seye may be positioned to view the images from the display. The lens 904may include a single lens or a plurality of lenses. The HMD system 900may include two display panels and two lens, one for each eye of theuser. In operation, light 910 emitted by the display panel 902 may beoptically modified (e.g., focused) by the lens 904, into light 912 thatis directed to the eye box 906 for viewing by the user's eye.

A polarization-based optical distortion phenomenon may be caused in partby the different angles of arrival of different light rays when passingthrough a curved optical lens, such as the lens 904. Thus, for a set ofpixels that are located along a central region of the display panel, thelight emitted from them may pass through the optical lens along thatcentral axis with little or no bending of the different light rays,which may have some effect on the polarization of light. Conversely, thelight rays that are located farther from the central portion of thedisplay panel 902 that pass through the optical lens 904, with a greaterdegree of curvature of the optical lens at those locations, may havetheir polarization affected differently.

To compensate for the variable effects on the polarization of lightemitted by the display panel 902, in at least some implementations aspatially varying polarization compensation optic 908 may be provided.In the illustrated example, the polarization compensation optic 908 maybe positioned adjacent to the front surface of the display panel 902,and may optionally be adhered or laminated to the display panel by asuitable adhesive (e.g., an optically clear adhesive (OCA)). Thepolarization compensation optic 908 may be formed from a phase retardermaterial (e.g., wave plate), such as a multi-twist retarder, asdiscussed elsewhere herein.

The polarization compensation optic 908 may provide spatially varyingpolarization defined by a phase map. FIGS. 10 and 11 show twonon-limiting examples of surface phase maps for the polarizationcompensation optic 908. In the example surface map 1000 of FIG. 10, thephase is varied concentrically from the center of the optic toward theouter periphery between −0.433 wavelengths to +0.433 wavelengths. In theexample surface map 1100 of FIG. 11, the phase is varied linearly from−1.25E+004 at the bottom (as shown) of the optic 908 to +1.25E+004 atthe top of the optic, wherein the units are periods of a 2π radianseach. It is noted that although the phase variance of the surface maps1000 and 1100 are shown as discrete steps for simplicity, in practicethe phase may be continuously variable across the surface of the optic.

In at least some implementations, the surface phase map of thecompensation optic 908 may be designed to offset or compensate forundesirable polarization caused by at least one of the display panel 902or the lens 904. In such implementations, a phase profile or map of theoptical system (e.g., the lens, or the lens and the display panel) mayfirst be determined. The determined phase map may then be inverted andapplied to the compensation optic 908, such that the compensation opticoffsets the undesirable effects caused by other components of theoptical system.

In at least some implementations, the polarization compensation optic908 may improve the polarization performance of the HMD system 900 forlight at low angles of incidence.

In addition to or as an alternative to polarization compensation, thecompensation optic 908 may be configured to shape the light from thedisplay panel 902 to be more telecentric, such that the light arrives atthe lens 904 at more uniform and telecentricly aligned angles. Thisfeature advantageously provides improved performance over the entire eyebox 906.

By utilizing the spatially varying polarizers discussed herein, opticaldesigners have significantly more degrees of freedom to produce opticalsystems that have improved performance and efficiency, which allows fordisplay systems that provide a better viewing experience, cost less, aresmaller in size or weight, consume less power, and provide otheradvantages that will be apparent to those skilled in the art.

The various implementations described above can be combined to providefurther implementations. These and other changes can be made to theimplementations in light of the above-detailed description. In general,in the following claims, the terms used should not be construed to limitthe claims to the specific implementations disclosed in thespecification and the claims, but should be construed to include allpossible implementations along with the full scope of equivalents towhich such claims are entitled. Accordingly, the claims are not limitedby the disclosure.

1. A display system, comprising: a display light source; and a pupilrelay system positioned to relay a first pupil from the display lightsource to a second pupil at an eye of a viewer, the pupil relay systemcomprising: a polarization sensitive optic; and a spatially varyingpolarizer having a polarization that spatially varies as a function ofposition to provide polarization compensation for the polarizationsensitive optic.
 2. The display system of claim 1 wherein the spatiallyvarying polarizer comprises a multi-twist retarder.
 3. The displaysystem of claim 1 wherein the spatially varying polarizer provides noretardation at a first position and provides quarter-wavelengthretardation at a second position.
 4. The display system of claim 1wherein the retardation of the spatially varying polarizer varies as afunction of a horizontal dimension or a vertical dimension.
 5. Thedisplay system of claim 1 wherein the retardation of the spatiallyvarying polarizer varies across a field of view of the display system.6. The display system of claim 1 wherein the polarization sensitiveoptic comprises a waveguide-based optical system, a pancake opticalsystem, a birdbath optical system, or a coating-based optical system. 7.The display system of claim 1 wherein the display light source comprisesa laser light source, and the display system further comprises a scanmirror positioned to receive a light beam from the laser light sourceand to relay the received light toward the pupil relay system.
 8. Thedisplay system of claim 7, further comprising a beam-forming opticpositioned between the laser light source and the scan mirror.
 9. Thedisplay system of claim 1 wherein at least a portion of the spatiallyvarying polarizer is positioned on, adjacent to, or in the polarizationsensitive optic.
 10. The display system of claim 1 wherein thepolarization sensitive optic comprises a waveguide, and the spatiallyvarying polarizer is positioned on the waveguide, inside the waveguide,or proximate a port of the waveguide.
 11. The display system of claim 1wherein the display system is a display system of a head-mounted displaysystem.
 12. The display system of claim 1, further comprising: controlcircuitry operatively coupled to the spatially varying polarizer, thecontrol circuitry operative to selectively adjust the retardationprovided by the spatially varying polarizer.
 13. The display system ofclaim 1 wherein the display source comprises a micro-display, and thespatially varying polarizer is positioned adjacent the micro-display.14. The display system of claim 13 wherein the spatially varyingpolarizer is adhered to the micro-display.
 15. The display system ofclaim 13 wherein the spatially varying polarizer provides telecentricityto light emitted by the micro-display.
 16. The display system of claim13 wherein the spatially varying polarizer includes a surface phase mapthat provides polarization compensation for at least one of the displaysource and the polarization sensitive optic.
 17. A head-mounted displaysystem, comprising: a support structure; and a display system coupled tothe support structure, the display system comprising: a display lightsource; and a pupil relay system positioned to relay a first pupil fromthe display light source to a second pupil at an eye of a viewer, thepupil relay system comprising: a polarization sensitive optic; and aspatially varying polarizer having a polarization that spatially variesas a function of position to provide polarization compensation for thepolarization sensitive optic.
 18. The head-mounted display system ofclaim 17 wherein the spatially varying polarizer comprises a multi-twistretarder.
 19. The head-mounted display system of claim 17 wherein theretardation of the spatially varying polarizer varies as a function of ahorizontal dimension, a vertical dimension, or a field of view of thedisplay system.
 20. The head-mounted display system of claim 17 whereinthe polarization sensitive optic comprises a waveguide-based opticalsystem, a pancake optical system, a birdbath optical system, or acoating-based optical system.
 21. A head-mounted display system,comprising: a support structure; and a display system coupled to thesupport structure, the display system comprising: a laser light source;a scan mirror positioned to receive a light beam from the laser lightsource; and a pupil relay system positioned to relay a first pupilreceived from the scan mirror to a second pupil at an eye of a viewer,the pupil relay system comprising: a polarization sensitive optic; and aspatially varying polarizer having a polarization that spatially variesas a function of position to provide polarization compensation for thepolarization sensitive optic.
 22. The head-mounted display system ofclaim 21 wherein the spatially varying polarizer comprises a multi-twistretarder.
 23. The head-mounted display system of claim 21 wherein theretardation of the spatially varying polarizer varies as a function of ahorizontal dimension, a vertical dimension, or a field of view of thedisplay system.
 24. The head-mounted display system of claim 21 whereinthe polarization sensitive optic comprises a waveguide-based opticalsystem, a pancake optical system, a birdbath optical system, or acoating-based optical system.